# Trigonometry - sin, cos, tan, cot

Take an x-axis and an y-axis (orthonormal) and let O be the origin. A circle centered in O and with radius = 1 is known as trigonometric circle or unit circle.
If P is a point from the circle and t is the angle between PO and x then:
• the x-coordinate of P is called the cosine of t. We write cos(t);
• the y-coordinate of P is called the sine of t. We write sin(t);
• the number sin(t)/cos(t) is called the tangent of t. We write tan(t);
• the number cos(t)/sin(t) is called the cotangent of t. We write cot(t).

#### The sine function

sin : R -> R
All trigonometric functions are periodic. The period of sin is .
The range of the function is [-1,1].

#### The cosine function

cos : R -> R
The period of sin is .
The range of the function is [-1,1].

#### The tangent function

tan : R -> R
The range of the function is R. Now, the period is π and the function is undefined at x = (π/2) + kπ, k=0,1,2,...
The graph of the tangent function on the interval 0 - π

The graph of the tangent function on the interval 0 - 2π:

#### The cotangent function

cot : R -> R
The range of the function is R. The period is π and that the function is undefined at x = kπ, k=0,1,2,...

#### The values of sin, cos, tan, cot at the angles of 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 135°, 150°, 180°, 210°, 225°, 240°, 270°, 300°, 315°, 330°, 360°

$\alpha^o$ $0^o$ $30^o$ $45^o$ $60^o$ $90^o$ $120^o$ $135^o$ $150^o$ $180^o$ $210^o$ $225^o$ $240^o$ $270^o$ $300^o$ $315^o$ $330^o$ $360^o$
$\alpha rad$ $0$ $\frac{\pi}{6}$ $\frac{\pi}{4}$ $\frac{\pi}{3}$ $\frac{\pi}{2}$ $\frac{2\pi}{3}$ $\frac{3\pi}{4}$ $\frac{5\pi}{6}$ $\pi$ $\frac{7\pi}{6}$ $\frac{5\pi}{4}$ $\frac{4\pi}{3}$ $\frac{3\pi}{2}$ $\frac{5\pi}{3}$ $\frac{7\pi}{4}$ $\frac{11\pi}{6}$ $2\pi$
$sin\alpha$ $0$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$ $\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$ $1$ $\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$ $\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $0$ $-\frac{1}{2}$ $-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$ $-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$ $-1$ $-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$ $-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$ $-\frac{1}{2}$ $0$
$cos\alpha$ $1$ $\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$ $\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $0$ $-\frac{1}{2}$ $-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$ $-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$ $-1$ $-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$ $-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$ $-\frac{1}{2}$ $0$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$ $\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$ $1$
$tan\alpha$ $0$ $\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$ $1$ $\sqrt{3}$ $-$ $-\sqrt{3}$ $-1$ $-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$ $0$ $\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$ $1$ $\sqrt{3}$ $-$ $-\sqrt{3}$ $-1$ $-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$ $0$
$cot\alpha$ $-$ $\sqrt{3}$ $1$ $\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$ $0$ $-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$ $-1$ $-\sqrt{3}$ $-$ $\sqrt{3}$ $1$ $\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$ $0$ $-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$ $-1$ $-\sqrt{3}$ $-$

The easiest way to remember the basic values of sin and cos at the angles of 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°:
sin([0, 30, 45, 60, 90]) = cos([90, 60, 45, 30, 0]) = sqrt([0, 1, 2, 3, 4]/4)

#### Trigonometric identities

With t radians corresponds exactly one point P(cos(t),sin(t)) on the unit circle. The square of the distance [OP] = 1. Calculating this distance with the coordinates of P we have for each t:

cos2(t) + sin2(t) = 1

If t + t' = 180° then:

• sin(t) = sin(t')
• cos(t) = -cos(t')
• tan(t) = -tan(t')
• cot(t) = -cot(t')

If t + t' = 90° then:

• sin(t) = cos(t')
• cos(t) = sin(t')
• tan(t) = cot(t')
• cot(t) = tan(t')

 $-\alpha$ $90^\circ - \alpha$ $90^\circ + \alpha$ $180^\circ - \alpha$ $\textrm{ sin }$ $-\textrm{ sin }\alpha$ $\textrm{ cos }\alpha$ $\textrm{ cos } \alpha$ $\textrm{ sin }\alpha$ $\textrm{ cos }$ $\textrm{ cos }\alpha$ $\textrm{ sin }\alpha$ $-\textrm{ sin} \alpha$ $-\textrm{ cos }\alpha$ $\textrm{ tan }$ $-\textrm{ tan }\alpha$ $\textrm{ cot }\alpha$ $-\textrm{ cot } \alpha$ $-\textrm{ tan }\alpha$ $\textrm{ cot }$ $-\textrm{ cot }\alpha$ $\textrm{ tan }\alpha$ $-\textrm{ tan } \alpha$ $-\textrm{ cot }\alpha$

#### Trigonometric formulas

cos(u - v) = cos(u).cos(v) + sin(u).sin(v)

cos(u + v) = cos(u - (-v)) = cos(u).cos(-v) + sin(u).sin(-v)

sin(u - v) = sin(u).cos(v) - cos(u).sin(v)

sin(u + v) = sin(u).cos(v) + cos(u).sin(v)

tan(u + v) =
 sin(u + v) cos(u + v)
=
 sin(u).cos(v) + cos(u).sin(v) cos(u).cos(v) - sin(u).sin(v)
tan(u + v) =
 tan(u) + tan(v) 1 - tan(u).tan(v)

sin(2u) = 2sin(u).cos(u)

cos(2u) = cos2(u) - sin2(u) = 2cos2(u) - 1 = 1 - 2sin2(u)

tan(2u) =
 2tan(u) 1- tan2(u)
cos(2u) =
 1 - tan2(u) 1 + tan2(u)
sin(2u) =
 2tan(u) 1 + tan2(u)

1 + cos(2u) = 2 cos2(u)

1 - cos(2u) = 2 sin2(u)

sin3β = 3sinβ - 4 sin3β

cos3β = 4cos3β - 4 cosβ

$\tan3\beta=\frac{3\tan\beta - \tan^3\beta}{1-3\tan^2\beta}$

$\cot3\beta=\frac{\cot^3\beta-3\cot\beta}{3\cot^2\beta-1}$

#### Addition and multiplication of sin and cos

$\textrm{ sin } \alpha + \textrm{ sin }\beta = 2 \textrm{ sin }\frac{\alpha + \beta}{2} \textrm{ cos }\frac{\alpha - \beta}{2}$

$\textrm{ sin } \alpha - \textrm{ sin }\beta = 2 \textrm{ sin }\frac{\alpha - \beta}{2} \textrm{ cos }\frac{\alpha + \beta}{2}$

$\textrm{ cos } \alpha + \textrm{ cos }\beta = 2 \textrm{ cos }\frac{\alpha + \beta}{2} \textrm{ cos }\frac{\alpha - \beta}{2}$

$\textrm{ cos } \alpha - \textrm{ cos }\beta = -2 \textrm{ sin }\frac{\alpha + \beta}{2} \textrm{ sin }\frac{\alpha - \beta}{2}$

$\textrm{ sin }\alpha \textrm{ sin }\beta = \frac{1}{2} (\textrm{ cos }(\alpha - \beta) - \textrm{ cos }(\alpha + \beta))$

$\textrm{ cos }\alpha \textrm{ cos }\beta = \frac{1}{2} (\textrm{ cos }(\alpha - \beta) + \textrm{ cos }(\alpha + \beta))$

$\textrm{ sin }\alpha \textrm{ cos }\beta = \frac{1}{2} (\textrm{ sin }(\alpha + \beta) + \textrm{ sin }(\alpha - \beta))$

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